These templates are designed to complement any lab assignment you want to give even one not from the book for constructing frequency distributions and graphs using SPSS. Additional suggestion. Please refer to the SPSS template for histograms, bar charts, and pie charts. In this way, SPSS gives you many options for summarizing data using tables and graphs. It is simply worth recognizing the type of display that makes most sense to you. This exercise requires about 10 to 15 minutes of class time sometimes more if class participation is high.
Summarizing Frequency Distributions Exercise State whether each of the following research examples is best summarized as grouped or ungrouped data. Explain your answer. The time in seconds it takes children to complete a cognitive skills game. The number of single mothers with 1, 2, 3, or 4 children.
The number of teenagers who have experimented with smoking yes, no. The age in years of freshman students in a local college. The handedness right- or left-handed of gifted children. The number of symptoms of stress ranging between 0 and 12 symptoms experienced by war veterans. The number of calories in school lunches in a sample of 32 local middle schools.
The number of hours of sleep per night in a sample of 60 patients being treated for depression. The marital status single, married, divorced in a sample of 96 individuals reporting high levels of life satisfaction. The number of traffic violations ticked during a three-month period in one of four high-crime communities. State whether a cumulative frequency, relative frequency, relative percent, cumulative relative frequency, or cumulative percent is most appropriate for describing the following situations.
For cumulative distributions, indicate whether these should be summarized from the top down or from the bottom up. The frequency of businesses with at least 20 employees. The frequency of college students with less than a 3. The percentage of women completing 1, 2, 3, or 4 tasks simultaneously.
The proportion of pregnancies performed in pubic or private hospitals. The percentage of alcoholics with more than two years of substance abuse. The frequency of hospital visits per year in a sample of diabetics. The proportion of elderly patients consuming at or above 1, calories per day. The percentage of athletes training at or below 6 hours per week. The percentage of men in one of six physically demanding occupations. Answers to the Summarizing Frequency Distributions Exercise 1.
Grouped data. The time it takes to complete a cognitive skills game would be grouped into class intervals; the frequency of children would be distributed in each interval. Ungrouped data. Single mothers with 1, 2, 3, or 4 children would be listed in classes; the frequency of mothers would be distributed in each class. Experimenting with smoking yes, no would be listed in classes; the frequency of teenagers would be distributed in each class. The age of freshman students in a local college would be grouped into class intervals; the frequency of freshmen would be distributed in each interval.
Handedness right- or left-handed would be listed in classes; the frequency of gifted children would be distributed in each class. The number of symptoms of stress would be grouped into class intervals; the frequency of war veterans would be distributed in each interval.
The number of calories in school lunches would be grouped into class intervals; the frequency of schools would be distributed in each interval. The number of hours of sleep per night would be grouped into class intervals; the frequency of patients would be distributed in each interval. Marital status single, married, divorced would be listed in classes; the frequency of individuals would be distributed in each class.
The names of the four high-crime communities would be listed in classes; the number of traffic violations ticked would be distributed in each class. Cumulative frequency from the top down. Cumulative frequency from the bottom up. Relative percent. Relative frequency. Cumulative percent top-down. Cumulative relative frequency bottom-up. Cumulative relative frequency top-down. A normal distribution is characterized by a histogram that is approximately bell-shaped.
Determination of whether a histogram is approximately bell-shaped does require subjective judgment. Class width of 2 inches. Approximate lower limit of first class of 43 inches. Approximate upper limit of first class of 45 inches.
The tallest person is about inches, or about 9 feet tall. That tallest height is depicted in the bar that is farthest to the right in the histogram. That height is an outlier because it is very far from all of the other heights. The height of 9 feet must be an error, because the height of the tallest human ever recorded was 8 feet 11 inches. The first group appears to be adults.
Knowing that the people entered a museum on a Friday morning, we can reasonably assume that there were many school children on a field trip and that they were accompanied by a smaller group of teachers and adult chaperones and other adults visiting the museum by themselves. The digits 0 and 5 seem to occur much more than the other digits, so it appears that the heights were reported and not actually measured. This suggests that the results might not be very accurate.
The digits 0 and 5 seem to occur much more often than the other digits, so it appears that the heights were reported and not measured. The histogram does appear to depict a normal distribution. The frequencies increase to a maximum and then tend to decrease, and the histogram is symmetric with the left half being roughly a mirror image of the right half. The histogram appears to roughly approximate a normal distribution. The frequencies generally increase to a maximum and then tend to decrease, and the histogram is symmetric with the left half being roughly a mirror image of the right half.
No, the histogram does not appear to approximate a normal distribution. The frequencies do not increase to a maximum and then decrease, and the histogram is not symmetric with the left half being a mirror image of the right half. The two leftmost bars depict flights that arrived early, and the other bars to the right depict flights that arrived late.
The heights of the bars represent numbers of people, not heights. Because there are many more people between 43 inches tall and 55 inches tall, they have the tallest bars in the histogram, but they have the lowest actual heights.
They have the tallest bars because there are more of them. In a Pareto chart, the bars are arranged in descending order according to frequencies. The Pareto chart helps us understand data by drawing attention to the more important categories, which have the highest frequencies. A scatter plot is a plot of paired quantitative data, and each pair of data is plotted as a single point.
The scatterplot requires paired quantitative data. The configuration of the plotted points can help us determine whether there is some relationship between two variables.
The data set is too small for a graph to reveal important characteristics of the data. With such a small data set, it would be better to simply list the data or place them in a table.
The sample is a voluntary response sample since the students report their scores to the website. Because the sample is a voluntary response sample, it is very possible that it is not representative of the population, even if the sample is very large. Any graph based on the voluntary response sample would have a high chance of showing characteristics that are not actual characteristics of the population.
Because the points are scattered throughout with no obvious pattern, there does not appear to be a correlation. The configuration of the points does not support the hypothesis that people with larger brains have larger IQ scores.
There is a very distinct pattern showing that bears with larger chest sizes tend to weigh more. There is a very distinct pattern showing that cans of Coke with larger volumes tend to weigh more. Another notable feature of the scatterplot is that there are five groups of points that are stacked above each other. The problem presents descriptions of various situations for which the student is required to indicate the correct accounting treatment and to prepare comparative income statements for a four-year period.
Problem Time 40—50 minutes Purpose—to allow the student to see the impact of accounting changes on income and to examine an ethical situation related to the motivation for change.
Problem Time 30—35 minutes Purpose—to develop an understanding of the impact which a change in the method of inventory pricing from FIFO to average cost has on the financial statements during a five-year period. The student is required to prepare a comparative statement of income and retained earnings for the five years assuming the change in inventory pricing with an indication of the effects on net income and earnings per share for the years involved.
Problem Time 25—30 minutes Purpose—to develop an understanding of the journal entries and the reporting which are necessitated by an accounting change or correction of an error. The student is required to prepare the entries to reflect such changes or errors and the comparative income statements and retained earnings state- ments for a two-year period. Problem Time 25—30 minutes Purpose—to provide a problem that requires the student to analyze ten transactions and to prepare adjusting or correcting entries for these transactions.
Problem Time 30—35 minutes Purpose—to help a student understand the effect of errors on income and retained earnings. Problem Time 20—25 minutes Purpose—to develop an understanding of the effect that errors have on the financial statements. The student is required to prepare a schedule portraying the corrected net income for the years involved with this error analysis. This comprehensive problem involves many different concepts such as consignment sales, bonus computations, warranty costs, and bank funding reserves.
The student is required to prepare the necessary journal entries to correct the accounting records and a schedule showing the revised income before taxes for each of the three years involved.
Cost of equipment Cost of Building A change in the experience rate is considered a change in estimate, which should be handled prospectively. A change from Average Cost to FIFO is considered a change in accounting policy, which must be handled retrospectively. Bad debt expense adjustment 10, 2. Inventory adjustment FIFO 15, 5, 10, 16, 3. Accumulated Depreciation— Equipment Construction in Process There is nothing unethical about changing the first-year election of depreciation back to the straight-line method provided that it meets with the approval of appropriate corporate decision makers.
It is naive to believe that corporate officers do no planning for year-end or interim financial statements. The slippery slope arises with manipula- tion of financial statements.
The investment reclassification for the selected investments clearly manipulates the income to the benefit of the president. While legal and within IFRS guidelines, the ethics of this situation are borderline. Any auditor would automatically bring this transaction to the attention of the board of directors. CFO Placed in ethical dilemma between the interests of the president and the corporation. Shareholders Increased income from higher paper income may increase demand for dividends.
Also, paying a bonus may decrease cash available for dividends. This could have been used to start a pension plan for all of the employees. This may lead to a missrepresentation of creditworthiness. If desired, only the restated balances might be reported. The adjustments are simply the cumulative difference in income between the two inventory methods, net of tax.
Therefore, the net effects on income and retained earnings are effectively rounded down to the next whole dollar. Asset C Explanations: 1. The net income would be understated in because interest income is understated. The net income would be overstated in because interest income is overstated. The errors, however, would counter- balance wash so that the statement of financial position Retained Earnings would be correct at the end of IFRS requires that all research costs should be expensed when incurred.
The security deposit should be a long-term asset, called refundable deposits. The ending inventory would be understated since the merchandise was omitted. Because ending inventory and net income have a direct relation- ship, net income in would be understated.
The ending inventory of becomes the beginning inventory of If beginning inventory of is understated, then net income of is overstated inverse relationship. The omission in inventory over the two-year period will counterbalance, and retained earnings at the end of will be correct. To correct C. Adjustment for contract financing 3, 3, 5, 7.
This case describes several proposed accounting changes with which the student is required to identify whether the change involves an accounting policy, accounting estimate, or correction of an error, plus the necessary reporting requirements for each proposal. This case describes three independent situations with which the student is required to identify the type of accounting change involved, the reporting which is necessitated under current IFRS, and the effects of each change on the financial statements.
CA Time 20—30 minutes Purpose—to provide the student with an understanding of how changes in accounting can be reflected in the accounting records to facilitate analysis and understanding of financial statements. This case involves several situations with which the student is required to indicate the appropriate accounting treatment that each should be given. CA Time 20—30 minutes Purpose—to provide the student with an opportunity to explain how to account for various accounting change situations.
Explanations for a change in estimate, and change in policy are communicated in a written letter. CA Time 20—30 minutes Purpose—to provide the student with an opportunity to explain the ethical issues related to changes in estimates. Uncollectible Accounts Receivable. This is a change in accounting estimate. Restatement of prior periods is not appropriate.
Restatement of opening retained earnings is not appropriate. This is a new method for a new class of assets. No change is involved. Mathematical Error. This is a correction of an error and prior period adjustment treatment would be in order. Preproduction Costs—Furniture Division.
This should probably be construed as an inseparability situation in that the change in accounting estimate period benefited by deferred costs has been affected by a change in accounting policy amortization on a per- unit basis. Consequently, it is treated as a change in accounting estimate. This is a change in accounting policy. Restatement of December 31, retained earnings is not appropriate, given that the effect on net income in prior periods cannot be determined.
Retained earnings should be adjusted. A change in accounting policy. Yes 2. A change in an accounting estimate. An accounting change involving both a change in accounting No policy and a change in accounting estimate. Handle as a change in estimate. Not an accounting change but rather a change in classification. An error correction not involving a change in accounting policy.
Yes 6. Not a change in accounting policy. Simply, a change in tax No accounting. Yes CA Situation 1. When single period statements are presented, the required adjustments should be reported in the opening balance of retained earnings.
A description of the change and its effect on net income, and the related per share amounts should be disclosed in the period of the change.
Financial statements of subsequent periods need not repeat the disclosures. The income statement for the current year should report the correct approach for revenue recognition. Situation 2.
Under this approach, the cumulative effect of the new method on the financial statements at the beginning of the period is computed and recorded in retained earnings at the beginning of the period. Prior statements are changed to be reported on a basis consistent with the new standard.
Cost of goods sold will also be different higher , resulting in lower income. Unlike a change in accounting policy, the change in accounting estimate should not be accounted for by presenting prior earnings data giving effect to the change as if it had been applied retrospectively.
CA 1.
0コメント